authors
Monika Mourya

abstract
The rapid expansion of the gig economy has transformed labour markets, especially in developing nations where flexible, technology-enabled work offers new income opportunities. This study investigates and compares the socio-economic status and working conditions of gig workers across three major segments: ride-hailing drivers, food delivery workers, and freelance digital service providers. Using a mixed-method research design, data were collected from 300 respondents through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal substantial disparities in income stability, job security, social protection, and quality of working life among the three groups. Ride-hailing and delivery workers experience longer working hours, poor occupational safety, and high work-related stress, while digital freelancers report higher autonomy but inconsistent earnings. The study highlights the need for regulatory frameworks, social security mechanisms, and platform accountability to ensure equitable and sustainable gig-work conditions.