Agricultural economics in Karnataka plays a vital role in shaping the state's rural economy, employment patterns, and food security. This article examines the structural composition, growth trends, and economic challenges of the agricultural sector in Karnataka. It highlights the role of key crops like ragi, jowar, paddy, and sugarcane, and the influence of climate variability, irrigation infrastructure, and government policies on agricultural productivity. Special emphasis is placed on the economic impact of shifting from subsistence to commercial farming, the rise of agri-tech, and the integration of market linkages. The article also explores regional disparities in agricultural output, credit access, and the effectiveness of support schemes such as MSP and PM-KISAN. Through a combination of data analysis and policy review, the study provides insights into sustainable agricultural practices and the future of agrarian development in Karnataka.