authors
Haipi Mishra and Kamlesh Kumar

abstract
Inflation remains a critical economic phenomenon influencing macroeconomic stability, policy decisions, and overall economic growth. This paper examines the key determinants of inflation by synthesizing insights from various research studies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors driving price levels across different economies. The analysis highlights both demand-pull and cost-push inflationary pressures, including monetary expansion, fiscal policies, exchange rate fluctuations, and supply-side constraints. Additionally, structural factors such as market inefficiencies, global commodity price volatility, and inflation expectations play an important role in shaping inflationary trends. By integrating empirical findings and theoretical perspectives, this study offers a nuanced exploration of inflation's causes and implications. The findings emphasize the need for a balanced policy approach that considers both short-term and long-term stabilization and economic resilience.